Terahertz (THz) biophotonics technology: Instrumentation, techniques, and biomedical applications

Terahertz (THz) technology has experienced rapid development in the past two decades. Growing numbers of interdisciplinary applications are emerging, including materials science, physics, communications, and security as well biomedicine. THz biophotonics involves studies applying photonic biomedicine, which attracted attention due to unique features waves, such high sensitivity water, resonance with biomolecules, favorable spatial resolution, capacity probe water–biomolecule interactions, nonionizing photon energy. Despite great potential, is still at an early stage development. There a lack standards for instrumentation, measurement protocols, data analysis, makes it difficult make comparisons among all work published. In this article, we give comprehensive review key findings that have underpinned research into biomedical technology. particular, will focus on advances made general instrumentation specific THz-based instruments applications. We also discuss theories describing interaction between light samples. aim provide overview both basic pre-clinical clinical under investigation. The paper aims clear picture achievements, challenges, future perspectives biophotonics.